Compares and contrasts the kernels of different operating systems Essay - 1

Compares and contrasts the kernels of different operating systems - Essay Example This operating system is developed for common users. However, there are many other kinds of operating systems which serve specific operations and functions of individual users and organizations. In this scenario, Kernel is the most important element of an operating system. It allows an operating system to carry out some specific routines and tasks. The basic purpose of this research is to compare and contrast kernels of different operating system. This paper presents a comparative analysis of different operating systems and their kernels. An operating system is the most important element of a system. It runs all the software applications and tools installed on a computer (Tanenbaum, 2008). The kernel is simply the "core" or inner most level of any OS or operating system. The kernel offers many callable routines that permit other applications to display text, access files and graphics, obtain input from a mouse or keyboard, and some other similar facilities. There are diverse kinds of OS models available nowadays. A number of them are employed in on-hand freeware and commercial OSs, plus others are being made at universities as technology and research based projects. All operating systems types have their powerful aspects and their flaws making them suitable for diverse kinds of functions and hardware. Certainly, computers have transformed a lot, as a result kernels have transformed as well too. Earlier operating systems are yet foundational upon the low-performant hardware of the 60s and 70s, however do offer constan cy as newer operating systems require technology power of the contemporary processors as well as still have to prove themselves (Sewell, 2013; Dumon, 1998). Kernel is the most significant element of an OS, and it composed of two fractions, user space (un-privileged operating mode) as well as kernel space (privileged operating mode). The early idea of monolithic kernel and normal

War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example for Free

War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Who could forget that catastrophic day of September 11, 2001, when America, the most powerful nation in the world, trembled in the hands of so-called terrorists and their attacks? Nations were shocked, families wept, and a country was full of rage, waiting to retaliate. Following the attack, an operation called War on Terror was launched. â€Å"The War on Terror (also known as the War on Terrorism) is a campaign initiated by the United States government under President George W. Bush which includes various military, political, and legal actions ostensibly taken to curb the spread of terrorism, following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. The War on Terror was authorized by the United States Congress under the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists passed on September 18, 2001http://www. answers. com/ war%20on%20terror. † The phrase was first broadly use by the press, particularly western ones, to refer to the attempts of the Russian, European, and subsequently, the U. S governments to stop attacks by anarchists against international political leaders. Before, many of the anarchists described themselves as terrorists and the term itself has some positive connotation to their cause. This was shown â€Å"When Russian Marxist Steven Park shot and wounded a Russian police commander who was known to torture suspects on 24 January 1878, for example, he threw down his weapon without killing him, announcing, ‘I am a terrorist, not a killer’http://www. answers. com/war %20on %20terror. † The next time the phrase will be used publicly was at the late 1940’s where it was used to describe the efforts by the British colonial government to finally stop the wave of Jewish attacks in the British Mandate of Palestine. The British used the term war on terrorism to give them the power to crackdown anyone suspected of the act or even just perceived cooperating with the terrorists. Thus, the events led more attacks from the Jews and also from the Arabs, which made the British government to fled Palestine. Currently, the United States is still on war against terrorism and they are being backed up by their allies. During the â€Å"Operation Enduring Freedom† in Afghanistan, a multinational combined task force was formed, called the CTF 150, which was composed of France, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and the United States. â€Å"The first wave of attacks were carried out solely by American and British forces. Since the initial invasion period, these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway amongst others. In 2006, there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan http://www. answers. com/ war%20on%20terror. † From the beginning, there have been a lot of criticisms regarding this â€Å"war† and these days the protests have been more vocal and even the Americans are getting restless if whether when will it be over. Families of soldiers whether American or from other nations are worried and are getting worried as the days pass that their loved ones are still serving something for them as a lost cause. Yet, there are a lot of things to do and as long as the insurgency has not yet been resolved, the war will persist. But, there is another insurgency that has been around for centuries, which still needed to be taken care of, and needed to be waged, that is, the war on- poverty. Poverty dates back to who knows when and how, maybe from the time when man started to create monetary values, started owning properties, and became more individualistic. There has been a lot of programs and campaigns all over the world, one of these is the so-called, War on Poverty. The War on Poverty is the name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to the difficult economic conditions associated with a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The War on Poverty speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, a law that established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administrate the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty http://www. answers. com/topic/war-on-poverty. Every nation in the world has its own version of its war on poverty, for every nation has poverty as one of their major problems. Even highly developed countries like the U. S, the U. K and Japan have their own problems on poverty. A lot of causes can be attributed to poverty such as graft and corruption, geographical location, and of course war just to name the few. The causes are eminent but the effects are devastating, in an article of wikipedia. com on poverty they elaborate the effects of poverty as: The capacity of the state is further undermined by the problem that people living in poverty may be more vulnerable to extremist political persuasion, and may feel less loyalty to a state unable to deliver basic services. For these reasons conditions of poverty may increase the risk of political violence, terrorism, war and genocide, and may make those living in poverty vulnerable to human trafficking, internal displacement and exile as refugees. Countries suffering widespread poverty may experience loss of population, particularly in high-skilled professions, through emigration, which may further undermine their ability to improve their situation. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty But these effects are more likely to be the causes too and vice-versa, thus making a cycle, a â€Å"poverty cycle†. Now, some questions have been raised and one of them was- what is more important, the war on terror or the war on poverty? Before answering that question, let bus first put the situation in the context. The context of this study is European specifically, the context of the United Kingdom. The background on the two topics was given earlier in order to establish the common ground and to assert where things stand right now. The United Kingdom has been allies with the United States since time immemorial, and both of the countries embark in this so called war on terror. In fact, after the 9/11 attacks, the UK was one of the first to condemn the horrible acts and was also considered US’ biggest ally in the Operation Enduring Freedom. But, after more than five years, the UK has been thinking about whether to continue its support on the said war on terror. The term war on terror was dropped by the UK government through Sir Ken McDonald, the country’s chief prosecutor on December 27, 2007. He elaborated that â€Å"terrorist fanatics were not soldiers fighting a war but simply members of an aimless ‘death cult’. We resist the language of warfare, and I think the government has moved on this. It no longer uses this sort of language http://www. democraticunderground. com /discuss/duboard. php? az=view_alladdress=1023116863. In an on-line article, on timesofindia. indiatimes. com, which was entitled Britain Finally Drops ‘War on Terror,’ the article explicitly said, â€Å"In the clearest indication yet of the UKs public disengagement from the US war on terror, British ministers have finally dropped the term and decided henceforth to refer to jihadis as mere criminals rather than a homogenous ideology-ridden group of desperadoes http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/Britain_finally_drops_ war_on_terror/articleshow/2708606. cms. † The UK clearly is making some distance with the stand of the United States, but I think it should not be the case. While a lot of criticisms have shaken the very foundation of the said war because of reported human right’s abuses done by some US soldiers, the whole idea of war on terror should not be dropped. If there are changes to be made, then so be it but it’s not appropriate to drop the whole thing. This war has been waged for a long time now and it will all be a waste if it will end without seeing the final outcome. Think of all the lives that were taken on September 11, don’t they deserve justice? The people who unwillingly and unknowingly sacrificed their lives on that day will all be put into the waste basket if they don’t get the justice that these terrorists’ owe them. We can’t let just anyone to put fear in our homes; we can’t let them hurt our children, thus, we should continue the advocacy to bring about security and later peace in our nation. With regards to poverty, the war on poverty has been there for a very long time, and a lot of measures have been done to solve the problem. Poverty will not end that easy, we have to consider thousands of years of history to fully understand the root of the problem. But, we have an immediate problem to be solved, which is terrorism. Another thing with the idea of the war on poverty is that the whole scheme tends to make the citizens dependent on the state by having programs like the unemployment aid, which gives unemployed people some money to cope with their living. Rather than giving them money, he/she should be encouraged to find a job, but with the aid, he/she is encouraged otherwise. Still, the immediate concern that brings more threat to our very existence should be put first on the list. We cannot solve poverty if fear rules us due to the terrorists’ attacks, and we will not solve poverty if all of us will be dead because of the same reason. References: Rashmee Roshan Lall, January 17, 2008. Britain finally drops war on terror, viewed March 16, 2008, http://timesofindia.indiatimes. com/Britain_finally_drops_ war_on_terror/articleshow/2708606. cms Britain Drops War on Terror Label, military. com, viewed March 16, 2008, http://www. democraticunderground. com/discuss/duboard. php? az=view_alladdress=1023116863. War on Terror, viewed March 13, 2008, http://www. answers. com/ war%20on%20terror War on Poverty, viewed March 13, 2008, http://www. answers. com/topic/war-on-poverty. Poverty, viewed March 13, 2008, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty

Cinema and Religion Essay -- Religious Religion Culture Essays

Cinema and Religion Entertainment media are contributing to the emergence of new and novel forms of spiritual and religious phenomena in our contemporary (and past) culture. The essays in this issue explore diverse facets of the morphing relationship between entertainment, spirituality and culture. Over the last century, the cinema has played a vital role in the expression and representation of Judeo-Christian religious practices and beliefs. Early cinema told the life of Christ in the Passion Play and Cecil B DeMille produced two spectacular versions of The Ten Commandments in 1923 and 1956. While cinema represented religious themes and figures, religious institutions also shaped the emergence of this moving image technology and its role within Western society; the wondrous moving image provided by the cinematrographe could open the viewer’s eyes to the work of God or, somewhat paradoxically, do the Devil's work by deceiving them with its illusionary spectacles. Two significant changes in this relationship between cinema and religion are occurring in our Post-millennial era. Firstly, the cinema is now participant in a complex audio-visual and textual culture that includes both established and emerging media – a Multiverse created from computer games, comic books, television programs, theme parks, virtual reality technologies and other new media. Secondly, traditional forms of religious practices and spiritual beliefs are shifting from their familiar locations in the church and community. Once, the cinema was seen as analogous to the Church because it provided a sacred space of worship. Now, however, the theme park, the computer game and cyberspace are the realms for an emerging Post-Millennial spirituality. We need to... ...rent media that shape and inform the fantastic and the spiritual in Western culture: from Francis I, C16th King of France who, reflecting a nascent version of the media star, constructed himself as a figure of worship; to the landscapes of Stephen King story worlds that present the reader with uncanny, Gothic spaces and narrative scenarios that question the ‘normality’ of everyday reality; to the transcendental pursuits of the magician and magic lantern technology; or the worship-like experiences inherent to fan cultures. We are living in an era where cultural identities, beliefs, forms of religious community, models of consciousness and what it means to be human are being transfigured. In the light of this transfiguration this issue of Refractory considers the relationship between media, religion, and the fantastic; and the every day and the sacred and the uncanny.

Event That Make a Person an Adult Essay

People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer. I think the question what events make a person an adult is the one that is open for debate. Some people think that the graduation of high school makes a person an adult. Others think that the age of 21 is the age when childhood is replaced by adulthood. However, from my everyday experience and observation I can stand three major events that make a person an adult. The first event that makes a person an adult is getting a job. The ability to earn his own money gives a person the opportunity to live independently from his parents. Personally, I think the first job is a very important experience in person’s life and it has a great impact on his personality. He learns how to manage his expenses and how to save money for the more important things. In addition to those benefits, one learns how to arrange his time in order to have all done on time. The second event, which from my opinion deserves an attention, is the graduation from a college or university. I think it is a very essential step in one’s life because this means the beginning of a new life with more responsibilities. Finally, I believe that marriage has a great impact on person’s life. Marriage means an independent life from one’s parents with a new person. It is a very great experience. Two persons create a new family and they face new difficulties and responsibilities. In conclusion, I think that the list of events that make a person an adult can be continued. For example, getting a driving license has sometimes a very great impact on person’s life. Another important event in a person’s life is the army. I know many young men who served in the Army that changed them very much. They became more serious, self-confident and independent people. So, my point is that every person has different events that influenced his life and make him an adult.

Global Warming Outline Essay

Pierre de Fermat was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France in August of 1601 and died in 1665. He is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the seventeenth century. Fermat is considered to be one of the ‘fathers’ of analytic geometry. Fermat along with Blaise Pascal is also considered to be one of the founders of probability theory. Fermat also made contributions in the field of optics and provided a law on light travel and made wrote a few papers about calculus well before Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz were actually born.Fermat’s most important work was done in the development of modern number theory which was one of his favorite areas in math. He is best remembered for his number theory, in particular for Fermat’s Last Theorem. This theorem states that: xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x, y and z when n is greater than 2. Fermat almost certainly wrote the marginal note around 1630, when he first studied Diophantus’s Arithmetic. It may well be that Fermat realized that his prove was wrong, however, since all his other theorems were stated and restated in challenge problems that Fermat sent to other mathematicians. Although the special cases of n = 3 and n = 4 were issued as challenges the general theorem was never mentioned again by Fermat. In fact in all the mathematical work left by Fermat there is only one proof. Fermat proves that the area of a right trangle cannot be a square. See more: what is essay format Meaning that a rational triangle cannot be a rational square. In symbols, there do not exist integers x, y, z with x2 + y2 = z2 such that xy/2 is a square. From this it is easy to deduce the n = 4 case of Fermat’s theorem. The proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem marks the end of a mathematical era. Since all of the tools which were brought to bear on the problem still had to be invented in the time of Fermat. Judging by the tenacity with which the problem wa for so long, Fermat’s alleged proof seems likely to have been illusionary. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that Fermat searched for proofs for the cases and , which would have been superfluous had he actually been in possession of a general proof.

101 Proposal and Salsa Professor Ramos Blog

101 Proposal and Salsa Chips and Salsa Dont you hate it when you have too much of one and not enough of the other? There has to be the appropriate amount of chips to salsa for it to work, to taste good. Or Thinking Rhetorically. Examples Great Images End of Cisneros’ Stories The last stories are much more subtle in their messages than the first stories. To understand these stories you need to read carefully, closely, in between the lines. Try to figure out what is the author’s purpose. Why did the author write this? What is the authors purpose? What is the lesson or message? There was a Man, There was a Woman (133) There was a Man, There was a Woman Video Free Writing Five minutes of free writing on whatever story you are thinking about writing on. Try to connect to the topic you are thinking about and what the support is going to be. What scenes come to mind? Subgenres Thematic Interpretation focus on theme in story or stories Character Analysis Focus on character Close Reading Argue for your reading of the story Book Review Evaluate the merits of a book or story Author Extension Continue a story, write a new story in the style of Sandra Cisneros, Retell a story from the book. Sample Essays The Misfits Loving a Broken Girl The Hidden Complexities of Clemencia Proposal You can analyze a character, theme, or any of the items we will discuss in class. Pick something that interests you. An effective proposal has a narrow focus, clear thesis, includes primary claims, and context for why you think this is important to write about. Make sure you are annotating your book as you read so that you can easily find quotes and sections to include in your analysis paper. Questions: What is your topic? Why are you writing about this? Why does it interest you? Do you need to do any research to help with your analysis?

Environmental constraints Essays

Environmental constraints Essays Environmental constraints Essay Environmental constraints Essay If there is a new act of parliament (law) about the amount of waste you can produce or the amount of recycling you must do Ikea will be affected. The affect of this is not good for Ikea because Ikea would then have to pay a firm to dispose of the excess waste by recycling. This will cost Ikea dearly because they have many outlets which will need this service.  If there is new act of parliament (law) about the amount of vehicles on the road or the type of fuel used to power vehicles which include liquid patrolmen gas or electricity. Ikea will be affected by this because they have many delivery tucks around the world so may need to change the fuels they use which may be much more expensive, so Ikea will have less money to spend on improvements or designing new products. If there is new act of parliament (law) about the hours you can use noisy machinery, this will affect Ikea. Ikea will be affected because they would have to limit the amount of products they make which will lead to loss of profit.  If there is a new act of parliament (law) about smoking Ikea would be affected because many customers may smoke, and may not go to Ikea because of the smoking band. If there is a new act of parliament (law) about the amount of space Ikea can take up, Ikea must then build their stores tall and thin to save the environments landscape. If this does accrue Ikea must then spend more money on the structure of the building so there will be less money to spend on refurbishing. Richards Paints  Competitors  If Richards paints has a new competitor which has bought a plot near their site which also sold bespoke industrial paint, Richards Pants would be affected. This affect on Richards Paints would be bad because their prices are quite high and will lose all their customers so will be out of business. Richards Paints could prevent this from happening by lowering prices; they could provide lowered prices by buying cheaper raw materials so could sell paint for less money. Richards Paints could also advertise more in local trade magazines which will make their business better known so customers will most likely buy paint from them if they know the company.On the other hand if there are fewer competitors Richards paints will make more profit so will have money to spend on improvements.  Economic Conditions  The rise or fall of interest rates may affect Richards paints in a bad or good way. If Interest rates raise this will be a bad thing for Richards Paints because the owners will the have to pay more money back to the bank because of their mortgages and bank loans. To pay for the bills Richards paints could higher prices, buy cheaper raw materials or even advertise so more customers will purchase more paint, so their will more money to distribute on the bills.  Another way they are affect is their customers will also have tom pay more to the bank so will have less money to spend on a new paint job. Richards Paints could lower prices to make it possible for other businesses will pay for paint.  Furthermore if interest rates fall Richards Paints will be affected in a good way because they have to give less money to the bank and their customers will also have more money to spend on a new paint job. Because of this Richards Paints could rise prices a little so will then have more money to spend on paying their bills. The rise or fall of exchange rates may affect Richardss paints in a bad or good way.  If exchange rates fall the pound will be worth less, when Richardss paints purchase their raw materials from Asia. So if exchange rates fall the pound may be worth less in rupees, so Richards Paints will have to pay more for their raw materials. Because of this Richards Paints could wait until exchange rates rise so they have to pay less for their raw materials. Income tax may affect Richards Paints if the Income taxes fall or rise. The effect on Richards Paints could be good or bad. If income taxes fall this will mean many customers will have more money to spend, which means more profit. However if income taxes raise many customers will not be able to afford to buy industrial paint. Richardss paints could lower prices which will mean less profit but could mean more customers.  Cooperation tax affects Richards Paints; this can b   good or bad.  If Cooperation tax raises Richards paints must pay more money to the council from their profit which means less money for improvements. However if Cooperation tax falls Richards paints must then pay less money to the council.  Unemployment or occupation does not affect Richards Paints because other companies buy the industrial paint and not the public so can afford to pay for paint.  Environmental constraints  If there is a new act of parliament (law) about the amount of waste you can produce or the amount of recycling you must do Richards Paints produce a lot of waste but is not really affect because they already recycle their waste. If there is new act of parliament (law) about the amount of vehicles on the road or the type of fuel used to power vehicles which include liquid patrolmen gas or electricity. Richards paints could also use fewer delivery trucks, but this will mean less business.  If there is new act of parliament (law) about the hours you can use noisy machinery, this will affect Ikea.  Richards Paints will be affected because they would have to limit the amount of paint they make which will lead to loss of profit.

Understanding Equivalent Equations in Algebra

Understanding Equivalent Equations in Algebra Equivalent equations are systems of equations that have the same solutions. Identifying and solving equivalent equations is a valuable skill, not only in algebra class, but also in everyday life. Take a look at examples of equivalent equations, how to solve them for one or more variables, and how you might use this skill outside a classroom. Key Takeaways Equivalent equations are algebraic equations that have identical solutions or roots.Adding or subtracting the same number or expression to both sides of an equation produces an equivalent equation.Multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number produces an equivalent equation. Linear Equations With One Variable The simplest examples of equivalent equations dont have any variables. For example, these three equations are equivalent to each other: 3 2 54 1 55 0 5 Recognizing these equations are equivalent is great, but not particularly useful. Usually an equivalent equation problem asks you to solve for a variable to see if it is the same (the same root) as the one in another equation. For example, the following equations are equivalent: x 5-2x -10 In both cases, x 5. How do we know this? How do you solve this for the -2x -10 equation? The first step is to know the rules of equivalent equations: Adding or subtracting the same number or expression to both sides of an equation produces an equivalent equation.Multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number produces an equivalent equation.Raising both sides of the equation to the same odd power or taking the same odd root will produce an equivalent equation.If both sides of an equation are non-negative, raising both sides of an equation to the same even power or taking the same even root will give an equivalent equation. Example Putting these rules into practice, determine whether these two equations are equivalent: x 2 72x 1 11 To solve this, you need to find x for each equation. If x is the same for both equations, then they are equivalent. If x is different (i.e., the equations have different roots), then the equations are not equivalent. For the first equation: x 2 7x 2 - 2 7 - 2 (subtracting both sides by same number)x 5 For the second equation: 2x 1 112x 1 - 1 11 - 1 (subtracting both sides by the same number)2x 102x/2   10/2 (dividing both sides of the equation by the same number)x 5 So, yes, the two equations are equivalent because x 5 in each case. Practical Equivalent Equations You can use equivalent equations in daily life. Its particularly helpful when shopping. For example, you like a particular shirt. One company offers the shirt for $6 and has $12 shipping, while another company offers the shirt for $7.50 and has $9 shipping. Which shirt has the best price? How many shirts (maybe you want to get them for friends) would you have to buy for the price to be the same for both companies? To solve this problem, let x be the number of shirts. To start with, set x 1 for the purchase of one shirt. For company #1: Price 6x 12 (6)(1) 12 6 12 $18 For company #2: Price 7.5x 9 (1)(7.5) 9 7.5 9 $16.50 So, if youre buying one shirt, the second company offers a better deal. To find the point where prices are equal, let x remain the number of shirts, but set the two equations equal to each other. Solve for x to find how many shirts youd have to buy: 6x 12 7.5x 96x - 7.5x 9 - 12 (subtracting the same numbers or expressions from each side)-1.5x -31.5x 3 (dividing both sides by the same number, -1)x 3/1.5 (dividing both sides by 1.5)x 2 If you buy two shirts, the price is the same, no matter where you get it. You can use the same math to determine which company gives you a better deal with larger orders and also to calculate how much youll save using one company over the other. See, algebra is useful! Equivalent Equations With Two Variables If you have two equations and two unknowns (x and y), you can determine whether two sets of linear equations are equivalent. For example, if youre given the equations: -3x 12y 157x - 10y -2 You can determine whether the following system is equivalent: -x 4y 57x -10y -2 To solve this problem, find x and y for each system of equations. If the values are the same, then the systems of equations are equivalent. Start with the first set. To solve two equations with two variables, isolate one variable and plug its solution into the other equation. To isolate the y variable: -3x 12y 15-3x 15 - 12yx -(15 - 12y)/3 -5 4y (plug in for x in the second equation)7x - 10y -27(-5 4y) - 10y -2-35 28y - 10y -218y 33y 33/18 11/6 Now, plug y back into either equation to solve for x: 7x - 10y -27x -2 10(11/6) Working through this, youll eventually  get x 7/3. To answer the question,  you could apply the same principles to the second set of equations to solve for x and y to find that yes, they are indeed equivalent. Its easy to get bogged down in the algebra, so its a good idea to check your work using an online equation solver. However, the clever student will notice the two sets of equations are equivalent without doing any difficult calculations at all. The only difference between the first equation in each set is that the first one is three times the second one (equivalent). The second equation is exactly the same.

How to start a new business venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

How to start a new business venture - Essay Example The entrepreneurs have to take multiple troubles for making their new business into a profitable venture. The success of a new venture mainly depends on the entrepreneurs’ skills and success of the new products. According to the Councils to America’s Small Business, Score, during 2008, â€Å"there were  627,200 new businesses,  595,600 business closures and 43,546 bankruptcies† (Score, 2010). Therefore, the risks involvements in a new business are very high due its vulnerability in the new market. However, in order to combat with such issues, entrepreneurs must consider a number of tasks before starting a new venture. Effective planning for plausible set of market strategy is one of the most crucial tasks for an entrepreneurs and for this a comprehensive marketing analysis and research is mandatory task (Longenecker et al, 2005, p. 147). This paper will attempt to present marketing mix strategies for a new venture based on the situational analysis in respect of proposed business plans. 2. Background of Scenario This business report deals with the formulation of marketing mix strategy for a new venture of private medical clinic in Birmingham. The private medical clinics offer wide ranges of health care services by taking care of the out patients. As this business associated with the people heath services, it is very necessary to offer a high quality of services to its patient. Besides the high quality services, marketing strategies are very important to promote the brand name in the health care market of Birmingham. Birmingham is a popular city of West Midlands county in England. This primary objective of this paper is to offer a set of plausible marketing mix strategies to the new private clinic supposed to be started in the Birmingham city. In this process, the health care market of Birmingham city as well as the entire UK needs to be assessed for identification of the target market. 3. Situational Analysis 3.1. Marco-environmental Fac tors Any industry and its players are supposed to be influenced by the multiple macro-economic factors which are uncontrollable external forces. Assessment of macro-economic forces is very necessary to evaluate the viability of new business. In this regard, PEST models are very useful which analyse the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological impact on a certain business (Allen, 2008, p.114). These factors are analysed below in respect of the new venture for private medical clinic. 3.1.1. Political The stable political system of UK is a major strength for the growth of a business. The chief of the state is the Queen and head of the government is the Prime Minister and it is responsible for regulating the business and health care related issues. The department of Health, UK is the apex body in regulating the heath care sectors of UK who develops proper legal frameworks (Department of Health, 2011). Besides, the Birmingham City Council is also responsible to regulate the Birmingham city’s affair. 3.1.2. Economic Stable economic condition of UK is also major requirements of the success

Online Payments Assurance and Security Term Paper

Online Payments Assurance and Security - Term Paper Example The demand for quick, suitable and safe payment substitutes is increasing rapidly. Along with this, there is an alteration in the way commerce takes place in the recent times. One of the easiest ways to identify the significance of electronic payments is to imagine a world without them. In other words, if electronic payments come to a sudden pause then in such circumstances most of the facets of commerce such as trade, travel and internet might confront terrible consequences. Although cash and cheque still plays a vital role in making payments, there are many problems associated with these payment options such as lack of speed and convenience. These also face issues related to safety demanded by the consumers, governments as well as businesses in today’s fast-paced and ever-dwindling world. It can be mentioned that the extensive utilization of the electronic payments along with the sophisticated network that interconnects many consumers, financial institution and merchants in the world are at the center of commerce (OECD, 2012). The significance of the electronic payments is apparent not only in industrialized countries but in developing countries as well. One of such costs is related with interchange where a comparatively small fee is offered to the card issuers by card acquirers. It is worthy of stating that interchange comprises part of most of the expenses that issues are supposed to bear for the purpose of creating the advantage that merchants enjoy while accepting the payment cards. It has often been observed that the advantages of payment system and the significance of interchange go unnoticed. Most of the people are aware of the fact that electronic payments which are vast and complex permit the transaction to take place within no time. It is these systems that permit the cardholders to make use of their card at any part of the country and with the same ease and convenience that they experience at their area. The online payment system permits peo ple to travel with greater peace of mind because they are aware of the fact that they do not need to carry huge amount of money. The very same systems rationalize the checkout process for consumers as well as merchants (Master Card, 2012). Payment systems are considered to be a significant part of the electronic commerce. Even though in electronic markets, common media of interchange is generally utilized, it is observed that there is escalation of the spatial distance between the buyers as well as the sellers which in turn increases their worries after having successfully completed their dealings. There are numerous payment methods available in online auction markets. They are personal check, credit card, debit card and prepaid card among others. There are different risks, costs as well as convenience associated with each form of online payment method (Peffers & Ma, n.d.). The main objective of the study is to identify how the companies can enhance their security measures so that

Cultural diversity and its effects on child development Research Paper

Cultural diversity and its effects on child development - Research Paper Example It is also of importance to consider several elements required to help reduce negative effect of cultural diversity on developing children. Conclusively, better understanding of cultural diversity of children is through introduction of education during tender ages. Cultural diversity and its effects on the development of kids Cultural diversity is a term used to denote the difference arising in diverse cultures within a certain region. The principal cultural diversity element affecting growth of children is communication, which entails mass media and journalism. The existence of many tribes in a particular region results to an increase in the effects that culture is likely to have on the progress of children. Communication differs from a tribe to another. Desire of children to learn about the moral values of other cultures increases the probability of cultural confusion. Children concerned about other cultures lack the capability to determine the best of the cultural morals. Accordin g to the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (2010), lack of adverse knowledge on the culture of other tribes leads to negative influence towards progressing children. Reducing negative impact of cultural diversity a) Developing an effective way to address diversity Cultural diversity can have a positive effect on the progress of children through learning. ... Communication is vital, as it is the basis of passing over understandable information regarding the culture of other tribes. Parents should enlighten children on the importance of their culture in coming times. For instance, children need to know that strict observation of the ancient cultural morals is of importance, as it helps gain respect from other communities (Robinson, & Jones-Diaz, 2006). An additional element of improving the current way of developing children through diversity of culture in a positive manner is through educational institutions. The Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (2010) asserts that teachers need to have advanced training to be able to meet the needs of various children. It is a basic requirement for teachers to take part in special training programs to be able to cope with character of children from different cultural societies. Acquisition of knowledge of various cultures helps children in that teachers necessitate the need to respect the c ulture of other states. b) Impact of diversity on development of kids Progression of children appears to be excellent when children are portraying good manners in the society. Despite the concern that the community, parents, and teachers have on the effect of culture on development of kids, ignorance of children is the principal issue to the negative effects of culture on their (young kid’s) growth. There are various ways of enhancing strategies of developing children from diverse cultures. For one, there is the need for early exposure to the values of various cultures. Children with an experience of diverse cultures since the time when then they were young throughout their adult stages are at the forefront in depicting good morals

Endocrinology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endocrinology - Essay Example These are synthesized in the same cells. However, once secreted they interact with four adrenergic receptors such as 1, 2, 1, 2, and 3 that mediate the cellular effects of the hormones. Stress the predominant stimulus that leads to secretion of these hormones. More accurately stimuli such as injury, anger, pain, cold, strenuous exercise, and hypoglycemia as a result of stress response generate sympathetic impulses in the cholinergic preganglionic fibers that provides the neural impetus to the chromaffin cells, and this ultimately culminates into the release of catecholamines. Biochemically, however, catecholamines stimulate glucose production in the liver, lipolysis in the adipose tissue, and promotes anaerobic metabolism in the muscles leading to lactate production. Whereas, the adrenal medulla responds to predominantly neural stimuli, the outer adrenal cortex that literally encapsulates the medulla and forms the bulk of the gland, responds only to endocrine stimulation and releases a number of hormones which have steroid structures chemically. These hormones are glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. The cells of the three zones secrete different steroid hormones: the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids; those of the zona fasciculata secrete glucocorticoids, while the cells of the zona reticularis secrete sex steroids or androgens (Brook, C., and Marshall, N. 2001). Figure 1: Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids act to counteract many effects of stress throughout the body. Stress is difficult to define, but it is known that it includes physical trauma, intense heat or cold, infections, mental or emotional trauma. The effects of glucocorticoids at the tissue level in order to neutralize the effects of stress include cardiovascular, neurological, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as effects on the immune system. Cortisol level responds within minutes to stress, whether it is physical such as trauma, surgery, or exercise; psychological such as anxiety and depression, or physiological hypoglycaemia or fever. The protective effect that glucocorticoids confer at the time of stress would be evident in the observed fact that such stresses may cause hypotension, shock, and death when there is glucocorticoid deficiency. The overall actions of glucocorticoids are directed at enhancing the production of glucose that can be readily utilised in the body to produce energ y and at the same time they reduce all other metabolic activities not directly involved in that process. Physiologic effects of glucocorticoids include regulation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. These antagonize the secretion and action of insulin and raise blood sugar levels. At the same time, these also inhibit peripheral glucose uptake. This promotes hepatic glycogen content through hepatic glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis (Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L., 2002). Taking the example of exercise as a stress initiating event, as the epinephrine and nor epinephrine are released as a sympathetic response, the concomitant glucocorticoid release makes sure that the increased metabolic rate of exercise can

The future of RFID protocols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The future of RFID protocols - Essay Example In terms of necessity, each input assigned to an RFID protocol can be acquired from computations that can only be conducted by parallel RFID tags partaking in the evidence (Peris-Lopez et al., 2011, p. 843). This ability will assure the interconnection of the tokens produced in the course of the evidence, which only the verifier can terminate within a given period. RFID tags should entail different, untraceable, and masked identifiers during every protocol implementation process (Srivastava, n.d., p. 4). Including arbitrary figures appears suitable for developing privacy-secured identifiers although it does not assure immunity against privacy hacks for suggested RFID protocols. RFID protocols should have supreme matching capabilities. For instance, when RFID tags are unable to authenticate their fitting in a certain group, separate tags can be members of a proof. As a result, only the verifier would detect the tags’ failure when sent the evidence (Peris-Lopez et al., 2011, p. 843). RFID protocols should also use encoded versions of timestamps. Verifiers should compute secure timestamps using their abiding secret input. I think a future that employs these potentials of RFID protocols will see a rise in â€Å"smart† products and smarter electronics. For instance, RFID protocols that reach these potentials should be able to tag smart clothes or machines at a store (Srivastava, n.d., p. 9). Peris-Lopez, P, Orfila, A, Hernandez-Castro, JC, van der Lubbe, JCA 2011, ‘Flaws on RFID grouping-proofs. Guidelines for future sound protocols,’ Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 34, pp.

Artifact 12.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artifact 12.2 - Essay Example Initially started by the Romans, ornate columns are greatly reflected in the contemporary American society. Apart from being used as support for buildings, ornate columns are currently used for construction of elegant designs on American buildings. Similar to modern styles reflected in contemporary architecture, Romans had a variety of styles; ionic, Doric, and Corinthian (Andrea 2007). Even though Doric columns were initially made of wood, their design has evolved and recent ones are made of stone. In the modern American society, columns are used for their simple design and excellent support in a building. Jewish life-styles, patterns of social interactions, and identities are apparently reflected in the modern American society. This is reflected in the emergence and development of American Reform Judaism that was modeled along Jewish traditions whose institutional functioning and philosophy females considerably occupied a greater position. The entrepreneurial culture reflected on the modern American society is a function of the traditional Jewish culture. Jewish culture has considerably influenced the manner in which modern Americans view the concept of a woman. This has increased the acceptance of the concept of womanhood in public representations. This is reflected in the election and nomination of women to senior government

The future of RFID protocols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The future of RFID protocols - Essay Example In terms of necessity, each input assigned to an RFID protocol can be acquired from computations that can only be conducted by parallel RFID tags partaking in the evidence (Peris-Lopez et al., 2011, p. 843). This ability will assure the interconnection of the tokens produced in the course of the evidence, which only the verifier can terminate within a given period. RFID tags should entail different, untraceable, and masked identifiers during every protocol implementation process (Srivastava, n.d., p. 4). Including arbitrary figures appears suitable for developing privacy-secured identifiers although it does not assure immunity against privacy hacks for suggested RFID protocols. RFID protocols should have supreme matching capabilities. For instance, when RFID tags are unable to authenticate their fitting in a certain group, separate tags can be members of a proof. As a result, only the verifier would detect the tags’ failure when sent the evidence (Peris-Lopez et al., 2011, p. 843). RFID protocols should also use encoded versions of timestamps. Verifiers should compute secure timestamps using their abiding secret input. I think a future that employs these potentials of RFID protocols will see a rise in â€Å"smart† products and smarter electronics. For instance, RFID protocols that reach these potentials should be able to tag smart clothes or machines at a store (Srivastava, n.d., p. 9). Peris-Lopez, P, Orfila, A, Hernandez-Castro, JC, van der Lubbe, JCA 2011, ‘Flaws on RFID grouping-proofs. Guidelines for future sound protocols,’ Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 34, pp.

FEDERAL CONTRACTING ISSUES Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FEDERAL CONTRACTING ISSUES - Term Paper Example CCR is the official free on-line registrant database for the US Federal Government that collects, validates, stores and disseminates data in support of agency acquisition agency acquisition and award missions (BPN, 2011). After training and being registered, one can start soliciting for opportunities to do business with the federal government. In some instances, businesses offering similar products or services team up to solicit the federal contract opportunities. The law requires the large prime contractors to come up with opportunities of subcontracting with small business ventures. For this assignment, our company, Global IT & Office Solutions Ltd that specializes in computer solutions and office machine repair and maintenance services would like to offer these type services to the government agencies. This type of business falls under category NAICS 811212 (SIC 7978, FSC/ PSC code 74) which comprises of establishments primarily engaged in repairing and maintaining computers and office machines without retailing new computers and office machines (NAICS, 2011). To register the following information was provided: Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) Number provided by Dun and Bradstreet; Tax Identification Number (TIN) and Tax Payer name used in federal tax matters; statistical information about the business; and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) information for payment of invoices (BPN, 2011). Global IT & Office Solutions Ltd is based in Erie, PA and was founded in 1997 to offer computer and office equipments repair and maintenance services to our esteemed customers who range from individuals, institutions, government agencies and multinational corporations. We service all models and makes of computers and office equipments. Our strength is based on keeping up-to-date with technological advancements; highly trained, experienced and

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay Example for Free

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay My first example of satire is in Lilliput when Gulliver was invited to a entertainment feast. But when Gulliver arrives at the feast, he gradually discovers that its not only an entertainment feast, but it is an job applicants who will dance on the tight rope. Who ever dance the highest on the tight rope will get a very good job. This is absurd because to get a good pay job, you need to have qualifications, familiarity and the experience to do the job. I know of all this, because in page 32 it says when a great office is vacant by either dead or disgrace, 5 or 6 candidates petition the emperor to entertain his majesty and the court with a dance on the rope, and whoever jumps the highest without falling succeeds in the office. This is not fair, because you need to be educated, not be a good dancer. So Jonathan Swift is translating it based to London, he is trying to put out that you dont need merit to get a well-paid job; you could get it for daft reasons. Like if you had friends in power, through favouritism, so getting a job wasnt based on merit, it was based on silly, childish ways. In fact people at the time (18th century) were incompetent people and didnt know how to their jobs, especially in politics. Jobs were allocated on the ground of tradition and family. Luckily and rightfully civil exams came in, and it was a big change, but at the time Swift wrote this book, there was nothing stopping a mental man getting a well-paid job. The issue that Swift is satirising is the ineptitude of a ruling class who value dancing more greatly than education. He is also attacking the class structure of Britain. Swift suggests the solution would be to create a society were people rose on merit. To modern readers the satire may seem rather indirect. We might feel that he is not confronting the issue. However we should remember that there was a very strong royalist feeling and class prejudice at the time Swift wrote. There was also active censorship. In order to get his message across at all, Swift had to be tortuous. He had to make his meaning a little indistinguishable. This satire is as effective as it could be if we consider the time Swift wrote. At first the story honestly struck me as rather silly like a childs fairytale. However I quickly started thinking about the message. That it is still very important today. If we consider how money buys education in Britain we might think that it is still wealthy people who dance prettily. Who get to the top. Swifts satire was of great magnitude in the 18th century. That is why he has to make his meaning a little unclear. Yet what he said is still important today. My second example of satire was when Gulliver was invited to an entertainment feast yet again. However Gulliver arrives at the feast, he realises that it is a reward scheme, for the emperor to give rewards to people ( blue, red, green). To get rewards you had to jump over a stick, which the emperor held out for you. This is absolute madness, a reward should be given out who worked hard and deserved it, not jump over a wooden stick. I know of this case it quotes the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. To receive this it says the emperor holds a stick in his hands, both ends parallel to the horizon, while the candidates, advancing one by one, sometime leap over the stick, sometimes creep under it backwards and forward several times, according as the stick is advanced or depressed. Swift is satirising that people in Britain got their jobs by creeping. This satire is aimed at the kings court. The first satire concerned jobs. This one concerns influential positions at court- and you see a few great persons about this court who are not adorned with one of these girdles. In the 18th century many people like Swift felt that the kings court was too important and too corrupt. They felt that people rose through the court on how well they crept to the king. The positions at court were also very important. Many of the people who governed the country and who ran the army and the navy were appointed by the king. Swift and others felt that such important positions should be given out according to merit. They also felt that the government of the country should come from elected MPs rather than creeps at the kings court. The satire works in many ways. One way is the gap between the ridiculous things being described and the very formal and technical language that Swift uses to describe them. The candidates are to undergo a trial of dexterity very different from the former. The use of formal words like a trial of dexterity is amusing when it is applied to something so stupid. This gap between ridiculous action and a very high tone is something that humorous and satirical writers use a lot. Another similar technique, which I find very effective, is the way Swift includes lots of detail about actions that are meaningless. One example would be the detail, the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. Readers are used to hearing this kind of technical detail applied to serious things like engineering, so they find it amusing when these phrases are used to describe madness. The best satirists such as Swift have the imagination to came up with crazy situations and they have the control if language and tone to put this into kind if language people would expect to hear speaking about serious things. The solution that Swift seems to suggest is that the King should not be in charge of appointing people to important positions. He also suggests that in England the Prime Minister is to close to the king and is also corrupt. It is noticeable the emperor and the first minister share the holding of the stick. Swift suggests that Prime Minister should be separate from the king and that important jobs should be given out elected people in parliament.

The Impact Of Climate Change On Cambodia

The Impact Of Climate Change On Cambodia Cambodia is one of the countries on the mainland of Southeast Asia. Cambodia is 181,035 square kilometer in total area, and the total number of population is nearly 14 million in 2008. Cambodia shares the border with the three countries in Asia such as Thailand, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, and Socialist of Vietnam and about 6400 kilometer in total border. Actually, 80 percent of the total populations are farmers. They grow crops, especially rice paddy, for daily use in the families and sale the surplus products to the market places to earn money for the future needs. Besides the doing agriculture, people are usually work for other people either in the rural or in the urban to make money for the families. These kinds of jobs are commonly about building, garment sectors, electricians and so on. In addition, Cambodia is one of the countries has the tropical monsoon in the region in which classify the climate in Cambodia into two different seasons respectively, the dry season and the rainy or wet season. Actually, the dry season in Cambodia commonly starts from the month of November to the month of April; and the rainy or wet season start from the month of May until the month of October, to which provide easy going for Cambodian people in doing agriculture. In fact, they can do the agriculture more than one per year. However, since there was a change in climate, most of fields in Cambodia were not usable for growing such a crop, rice paddy. Actually, in order to make it easier, we should firstly understand what the term of climate change is. The answer is that climate change is one of the most concerning global issues that have severe impacts on human securities. It is truly a long term change of climate in a specific areal or locations or we can say that climate change is the increasing of temperature on the earth that we commonly cannot see through our naked eyes. Obviously, such a dangerous issue, global warming, is not take place incidentally. There are always the factors that encourage or facilitate it to take place. In order to make this topic easier, I would raise two major factors that cause to the changing of climate; those factors are the humans activities and from the natural activities. First of all, all humans activities always affect to the environment either on the large scale or in the small scale. For example, greenhouses gases are the major actor that cause to the to the change climate. What is a greenhouse gas? Greenhouse gas is gas that happened by the construction of greenhouse. Actually, the people who are living in the cold areas have not access to grow crops and vegetable as usual. Therefore, the constructions of greenhouses are inevitable for them. Scientifically, the greenhouses are built to trap the suns heat for growing crops. Obviously, not all the heat that trapped by the greenhouse returns to the atmosphere. Therefore, it keeps warm in the houses, and it is usable for growing crops. However, these kinds of heat will lead to change of climate or called global warming. Another factor that humans activities cause to the change of climate is the wealthy of the people. Actually, when people become wealthier, they would change their behavior of consumpt ion of goods or services to the new products to facilitate their daily living standard. For a real example, in order to make lives more comfortable, people use modern equipment such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and cool agents, and so on. Actually, these kinds of equipment are the main factors that exploit to the environment because of the chemical substances inside are dangerous to the environment that we usually called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It is actually the main substance that exploits the ozone layer. What is ozone layer? Scientifically, the ozone layer is layer that can be found in the atmosphere about 30 kilometers above the earth surface. It plays a very crucial role in keeping the earth not so hot, for most of Ultra Violet (UV) is absorbed by the ozone layer. Therefore, the temperature on the earth surface will be cool. In contrast, what will happen if the ozone layer is exploited? Scientifically, when ozone layer is lost, the large amount of Ultraviolet will g o directly to the earth. Therefore, the temperature will be increasing on the earth. Another factor that people do affect to the climate change is through the cutting a large amount of the tree or we call deforestation. As we can see that, forest is the main actor and plays a very significant role in keeping temperature on earth cool. Actually, most of the carbon dioxide (CO2), a main actor in increasing the temperature, is usually absorbed by the trees, and the trees convert such a bad substance to Oxygen (O2) to which useful for human beings. Moreover, forest also plays a very important role in balancing the number of carbon dioxide. However what will happen when a large about of the forest is cut down? Actually, when the number of population increases, their demands for daily lives also increase. Therefore, they have to cut down the forest for building house, to make land usable for growing crops. Scientifically, when the trees were cut or burned down, the carbon dioxide will immediately go back to the atmosphere. Obviously, Carbon dioxide is the main actor that h elps accelerate the processing of trapping the suns heat. When there is a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the temperature will be hotter and hotter. The second major factor that cause to the climate change is through the natural activities. First of all, I would raise the case of forest fire. Forest fire sometimes happen when the temperature in the forest is hot or when there is lightning. Scientifically, Carbon dioxide is easily backed to the atmosphere when there is getting involved with the fire. Obviously, forest fire may take long time, so the number of Carbon dioxide that releases to the atmosphere will be larger. Therefore, the temperature on the earth will gradually increase. Another factor that cause to the climate change is the eruption of volcanoes. When there is eruption, the environment in the region will be polluted. In fact, the smoke from the eruption consists of toxic substances that affects to the environment such as gases, carbon dioxide, and sulphur oxide and aerosol. Most interestingly, climate change has severe impact on human being around the world, especially for the people living in the developing countries. Obviously, for most the developing countries like Cambodia is not a main factor that cause to the climate change. However, Cambodia is still affected by the changing of climate on the same level as the main contributors. Specifically, Cambodian people are facing some problems under climate change. First of all, people in some provinces in Cambodia have no access to grow crops, especially rice paddy. There are drought and flood in the provinces to which delay people from growing crops. For example, Kampong Speu is one of the provinces in Cambodia that experienced in drought. People find it hard in growing any kind of crops because of the drought. It was difficult to plough the field because the soil is too dry. At the same time, the land became unusable, infertile, for crops to grow. Therefore, a large number of people immigrated to the city to look for jobs. Some people immigrated to the third countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, and currently Korea to earn for the families that are waiting for their money. Another example that affected by the climate change is that for some provinces such as Prey Veng and Kampong Cham experienced in flooding. In fact, people in these two provinces usually do the agriculture during the rainy season, in September of the year. Because there was flood in the rice field for long time, people late in practicing in agriculture. Therefore, they have to wait until water become lower. Obviously, the late of doing agriculture may cause many problems for the farmers such as there is not enough water for the rice to grow, there are pests that eat and exploit the rice stalk and the field becomes infertile. As a result, many people immigrated from the provinces to work in the city. Actually, when large numbers of people keep going to the city, it would make the city unstable and difficult for the government to take control. Similarly, climate change also affected to the human security in Cambodia for a few consequences. First, most Cambodian people, especially to the young people under the age of five, are affected by the diseases. Obviously, most of Cambodian people, especially the people who are living in the rural areas, are depending on the water from the nature sources such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and stream and so on. When there is a changing in climate, it causes the quality water in those sources become shallow the water become more polluted. When people took the water to use for cooking, drinking, and washing, they were affected by this factor, especially for the young people, because they had a weak anti-bacterial system in their bodies. Moreover, one of the most serious diseases that have severe impact on the young people was diarrhea. Statistically from the Ministry of Health of Cambodia, around 12,500 Cambodian people die per year. Because of the bad impact of the climate change in Cambodia, both state and non-state actors have found out new strategies and solutions in reducing the serious effects of the climate change. First, non-state actors are playing a very crucial role in fighting against the climate change. Actually, there are a few strategies that non-state actor such as NGOs practicing to reduce the climate changes effects. Initially, NGOs are trying to promote education system for the poor people who are living in the rural areas in Cambodia. They believe that educational system is key role that help people escape from the poverty. When people become literate, they will stop cutting down the forest. They will change their perception of cutting down forest and think about important factors of forest for lives for lives to live harmoniously, for it helps reducing the effects of climate change. At the same time, they may look for other jobs that can also make money for their families such as ecotourism. Another strategy that NGOs in Cambodia help reducing the effects of climate change, they promote reforestation for people living in the rural areas. Actually, if people want to cut down a tree, they have to grow another to for the future use. When the people keeping practicing this strategy, there will be a stability of forest in Cambodia and climate change will gradually be reduced. Similarly, Royal Government of Cambodia is trying very hard in looking for the solution that can deal with the effect of climate change on Cambodia citizens. First thing that the government of Cambodia uses to reduce the effects of climate change is conservation of forest. They try to keep the amount of forest cover to about 60 percent by promoting on both private and public institutions to reforestation. It is one of the affective ways to cope with the expansion of the climate change. Second, the government keeps their eyes on community forestry. Obviously, community forestry helps preventing from any kind of illegal deforestation and land enlargement activities. Finally, in order to make the awareness of Cambodian people, especially for younger generation, the government of Cambodia has inserted the subject of climate change to the formal study subjects. The government wants people to be aware of the climate change and what are the strategies that help protect the environment. In conclusion, climate change totally affected to everyone one round the world. Although a country such as Cambodia was not the main contributor to the climate change, the effects of climate change still affected on Cambodia on the level as the main contributor once. The climate change causes the rice fields in Cambodia became infertile and did not usable for growing rice. Also, a large number of people moved from the rural areas into the city to look for any job to support their families. Moreover, diseases were taken place under the effects of climate change. However, climate change was immediately responded by the two actors, state and non-state actors, NGOs. Both played very important role in reducing the effects of climate change respectively. Finally, if these two main actors standstill on their commitment, I optimistically believe that the word climate change will gradually be eliminated and the environment will be as normal as the ancient time before there was getting involve by word climate change.

Unknown :: essays research papers

With the naming of Lou Gerstner as its new CEO (and the retirement of John Akers on May 7), IBM now has a chance to change both its own organizational structure and goals and, at the same time, the future shape of the computer industry. Nearly every computer publication has polled its readers asking such questions as "Do you think IBM can succeed at changing, Do you think Lou Gerstner is the right man to lead a turnaround at IBM," and "Do you care?" Reactions to such early pulse taking are mixed. Clearly customers are concerned about IBM's seeming inability to understand their future needs and help them move to new computing platforms. On the other hand, customers are divided between a "we have to give him some time to assess the problem and formulate a solution" point of view (we concur), and the feeling that an outsider like Gerstner can't possibly fix a computer company (see below). Some are convinced that it just doesn't matter, since the day of the mainframe is over and that means IBM's days as the industry leader are over, too. IBM, of course, does not agree. Gerstner has not revealed the specifics of his plans at all, except for a few remarks at the Annual IBM Shareholders' Meeting, where he brushed off the widely held notion that IBM would spin off profitable businesses. To him, it appears, reorganization means fewer people, different skills, more distribution of power, but not necessarily the wholesale deconstruction of IBM that some predicted. On the other hand, some of the things he has already done send clear signals of the big changes to come: †¢ He is spending a lot of time in the field and with the customers. That guarantees he will hear the story first-hand, rather than filtered through tiers of IBM staffers and middle managers. It is just this kind of filtering that has led to the dangerous continuation of the status quo when IBM was teetering on the brink of disaster. Only a senior management badly out of touch with the field and the customers could have been so unaware of what was really going on. Gerstner doesn't intend to make that mistake. †¢ He is making big changes in IBM senior management and many more changes are likely to come. Tellingly, these appointments are from outside of IBM (nearly unheard of in days gone by) and each appointment appears in the business press with tales of just how tough the manager has been before and how good he is in tricky situations.

Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay

Research shows that Information Technology will go on to impact instruction because it adjusts to larning manners and is in demand, despite cost and pupil disablements. Jennifer Cromley provides considerations of utilizing computing machines in instruction. It discusses the countries where computing machines are and are non utile in instruction. It besides provides utile advice. The article contains many mentions with back uping and opposing point of views. The writer is an Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology. The article was published in Focus on Basics magazine. It is a quarterly magazine for practicians created by The National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy ( NCSALL ) .NCSALL is a research and development centre and is funded by assorted authorities and educational establishments. It supports the thought that computing machines can be used by handicapped pupils and enhances larning. It is besides used for an opposing point of view in the debut ( Cromley, 2000 ) . Farr, G. ( 2009 ) . Mad magazine to Facebook: what have we learned? . Teacher Librarian, 36 ( 5 ) , 30-32. The Shannon Learning Center in Texas supports the usage of engineering in the schoolroom. It quotes a rule, contains illustrations from his yesteryear and a nexus to a picture to back up his points. The picture efficaciously demonstrates a demand from pupils to be allowed the usage of cell phones in school. The pupils likely have an subterranean motivation, but the article provides a possible solution. Gregg Farr is a high school rule in Texas at Shannon Learning Center. The journal article was published in Teacher Librarian: The Journal for School Library Professionals. It has been printing the diary for 30 old ages. It is used to back up the decision that Information Technology will go on to impact instruction due to a demand from pupils ( Farr, 2009 ) . Gulchak, D. ( 2008 ) . Using a nomadic handheld computing machine to learn a pupil with an emotional and behavioural upset to self-monitor attending. Education & A ; Treatment of Children, 31 ( 4 ) , 567-581. Daniel Gulchak discusses surveies that show how computing machines can help handicapped pupils instruction by supplying behavioural feedback. He specifically describes a survey conducted on a person that utilizes a hand-held computing machine with the intent of proving its effectivity on a pupil with an attending upset. The computing machine is used to assist the pupil better his ain behaviour during a undertaking. The survey concluded that behaviour improved by 34 % . Academicians improved as a consequence because it improved his ability to be taught. The writer reveals that more surveies need to be done and that the survey does non supply grounds that the computing machine was more effectual than traditional methods. Daniel Gulchak has his ain web site, a Doctoral grade, and works at the Institute for Human Development. Education & A ; Treatment of Children is a diary published by the West Virginia University Press. The journal article is used to demo that computing machines can be adapted for disablements ( Gulchak, 2008 ) . Hargadon, S. ( 2010, March 1 ) . Educational networking: The function of Web 2.0 in instruction [ available full-text, free ] . Multimedia & A ; Internet @ Schools. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mmischools.com/Articles/Editorial/Features/Educational-Networking-The-Role-of-Web-2.0-in-Education-5bAvailable-Full-Text2c-Free5d-61342.aspx This article describes how societal networking has enhanced educational networking and assists professional development. It discusses how societal networking can do the acquisition experience more efficient, convenient, and gratifying. It is a good beginning for pedagogues to utilize for considerations when implementing educational networking. Steve Haragon has his ain web site and is a Social Learning Consultant that has founded a societal acquisition web known as Classroom 2.0. The article was published in Multimedia & A ; Internet @ Schools magazine. The magazine is a usher to electronic tools for instructors. I found this beginning seeking to happen the publishing house of one of the original beginnings. I exchanged beginnings because the original beginning ‘s publishing house no longer existed ; it is newer and better than the original. It is used in confederation with another beginning to demo how Information Technology and adjusts to larning manners. It provides an illus tration of how educational networking can be cost efficient ( Hargadon, 2010 ) . Hinchliff, G. ( 2008 ) . Toddling toward engineering: Computer usage by really immature kids. Children & A ; Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 6 ( 3 ) , 47-49. The Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) discusses many surveies that show computing machines are good to immature kids. It mentions more surveies that need to be done and identifies some of the jobs and makes suggestions for the usage of computing machines for immature kids ‘s instruction. Gaye Henchliff is a librarian who created this diary article for the Research and Development Committee at ALSC. ALSC concentrates on doing libraries better for kids. The article is used to demo that computing machines can be utilized to better instruction among immature and handicapped kids because it enhances their learning experience ( Hinchliff, 2008 ) . O'Lawrence, H. ( 2006 ) . The influences of distance larning on grownup scholars. Techniques: Connecting Education & A ; Careers, 81 ( 5 ) , 47-49. Techniques: Connecting Education & A ; Careers discusses factors refering grownups in distance acquisition plans. It is utile to utilize as a resource for finding whether to inscribe in on-line class reveals some of the jobs associated with distance acquisition. Henry O'Lawrence works in the Occupational Studies Department at California State University. The diary published by the Association for Career and Technical Education ( ACTE ) . ACTE was founded in 1926 and is a primary association for the betterment of instruction. It is used to demo a demand for information engineering in instruction for distance acquisition and provides some opposing points ( O'Lawrence, 2006 ) . Pelham, B. , Crabtree, S. , & A ; Nyiri, Z. ( 2009 ) . Technology and instruction. Harvard International Review, 31 ( 2 ) , 74-76. The Harvard International Review discusses the contention environing whether computing machines are cost and educationally efficient. It shows that some hapless states have higher tonss due to computing machines. It gives an illustration of pupils in Nigeria that did an analysis using energy efficient computing machines provided by the One Laptop Per Child plan initiated by President Clinton. Three writers worked on this to be published in the Harvard International Review, which is a extremely respected forum for educational argument. It is used to demo that Information Technology is cost efficient and in demand by the authorities in instruction. It provides grounds that computing machines will go on to impact instruction ( Pelham, Crabtree & A ; Nyiri, 2009 ) . Thilmany, J. ( 2008 ) . A fount for you. Mechanical Engineering, 130 ( 9 ) , 18. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) reveals a new manner of runing computing machines that is being developed at the University of Washington in Seattle. It describes the manner many things are adjustable to our demands, and it makes a contrast to the manner computing machines have typically been inactive. The new system is described to be used for people with disablements, but it is a good illustration to demo how computing machines can alter for the benefit of each person. The writer is presently one of the Associate Editors of Mechanical Engineering Magazine, the magazine of ASME. The article is from the same magazine. ASME is the taking professional community to assist applied scientists work out jobs by the usage of communicating. It besides develops codifications and criterions to advance the growing of cognition and safety. The article is used to show how the adaptability of computing machines can forestall a disablement from being a factor for runing a compu ting machine. It is besides used to in concurrence with another beginning to show how computing machines can accommodate to help acquisition manners ( Thilmany, 2008 ) . Thilmany, J. ( 2009 ) . Calculating. Mechanical Engineering, 131 ( 7 ) , 14-16. Jean Thilmany covers the application of some of the latest technological thoughts ensuing from the usage of computing machines. The subjects covered are: potentially bettering the design of a dust mask, a better apprehension of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils, the demand for more coders for the United States to remain up to day of the month in computing machine simulations, a new signifier of web that makes it faster to treat big sums of informations, new package utilized to aline a camera to find the enlargement of the existence. It can be noticed that computing machines are being applied to many different Fieldss, but it does n't indicate that out in the article. The magazine and writer is the same as the old mention. It on occasion quotes research workers, professors, applied scientists, and a plan manager from establishments and refers to major organisations of authoritiess which besides make the article even more utile. The survey of the behavioural conseq uence of picture games on pupils is used to back up the suggestion made from the old mention by utilizing it as an illustration of an version to video games that resulted in a erudite behaviour form in both surveies, this shows that video games as a acquisition manner was assisted by an accommodation to the game. Part of the article is used to demo a demand by the United States authorities for Information Technology in instruction ( Thilmany, 2009 ) Tsung-Yen, C. , & A ; Wei-Fan, C. ( 2009 ) . Consequence of computer-based picture games on kids: An experimental survey. Journal of Educational Technology & A ; Society, 12 ( 2 ) , 1-10. The writers describe an experimental survey among 3rd graders at Tainan City, Taiwan. It began with a void research hypothesis saying that picture games do non better learning any more than a typical Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) . It statistically concluded that picture games improve larning but did n't better judgement. It is suggested that the game used was excessively hard to learn judgement accomplishments. This survey is good to demo how computing machines can better larning when applied decently. Both of the writers have Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate grades. The Journal of Educational engineering & A ; Society is a quarterly academic diary. The beginning is used to turn out how computing machines can be adjusted to better acquisition manners ( Tsung-Yen & A ; Wei-Fan, 2009 ) .

Food and Beverage Essay

In most hotels, Food and Beverage can be a heart. Man cannot live without her/his own heart, as well as a hotel cannot shine and lasting without a good Food and Beverage section. http://fandbfood. com/fb-mean-food-and-beverage/. However, food and beverage outlets are usually less profitable than their outstanding counterparts. According to Kirby D. Payne, CHA , there are many reasons why hotel Food and Beverage profits are not what we would like them to be. This is quite understandable, after all why should we focus so heavily on Food and Beverage when for the time and money spent it will never be as profitable as the Rooms Division. http://www. hotelonline. com/Trends/Payne/Articles/IncreasingFoodBeverageRevenues. html. If we have a deep understanding about the role of food and beverage within hotels, as well as the factors effecting its profitable ability in hotels, it will help us to not only find the appropriate solutions for these factors, but also to make the Food and Beverage section within hotels more profitable than its current status. First of all, we need to understand the role of Food and Beverage within hotels. As we know, a hotel has to have twenty four hours a day service to have a star rating – a key measurement to evaluate the success of a hotel. In order to become a five star hotel, restaurants in Food and Beverage section within hotels have to open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, and three hundred and sixty five days a year. Or in a four star hotel, the in room dining has to open at least from sixteen to eighteen hours a day. Michael Haynie, SR. President, Parkway Hospitality Management mentioned that full service hotels mean that they are included a restaurant. Limited service simply describes hotels without a restaurant. (http://parkwaymgt. com/news/25-hotel-food-and-beverage-a-profitable-venture. The food and beverage services that a hotel has will contribute to the star rating that a hotel can earn. Moreover, food and beverage outlets can enhance guests’ experience about the hotel, as well as make guests more enjoyable about the hospitality service that they are using. Doug Fiedler, an associate of The Hotel Solutions Partnership Ltd indicated that food and beverage can be either a revenue enhancer, or a drag on the finances of any hotel or resort. Emotional connections are more important than ever with guests. Guests are seeking experiences, not just a functional meal in a restaurant. Thus, any good food and beverage operation has a focus on three key things – financial performance, guest satisfaction and employee engagement http://www. hospitalitynet. org/news/4053355. html. There are numerous reasons why food and beverage section is less profitable than other freestanding counterparts. First is the effect of star rating concept on food and beverage service. As mentioned above, food and beverage section within hotels has to open twenty four hours a day. They don’t have choices to have operation hours like normal standardized restaurants which can have options to open and close their business when they want. Hour of operation requirement makes food and beverage section within hotels cost more in staff training, food inventory and menus choices. The second effect of food and beverage profit is the management and staffing structure. In a hotel, there are multiple food and beverage outlets such as bars, banquet, cafe, restaurants, room service IRD, etc†¦Each outlet needs different management team and different staffing structure . As food and beverage management â€Å"A review of change† by Michael Riley, School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, food and beverage management as an activity resides in many roles and carries various labels across different outlets. By contrast, a standardized restaurant just needs a manager, few supervisors and some bartenders to run the business. Some restaurants just has a manager as a chief. Thus, the complex management and staffing structure can reduce the profitable ability that a food and beverage section can bring to a hotel. The last but not least effect of food and beverage profit is the location and design of outlets. According to Hanson, 1984; Siguaw & Enz,1999, hotel food and beverage managers do not generally have the freedom to select locations within the property as the construction or layout of the building is more likely to dictate this. This disadvantage prevents outlets having a great view to attract customers coming to earn more profit for them.

Petrol Price Hike Effect on Business

http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=AEjXDCNww9c&feature=related Operating margins:  Ramping up diesel capacity will also require large capital expenditure. This will mean a large capital expenditure outlay, putting pressure on operating margins in the short-term. Given the tight liquidity and high interest rates in the domestic market, and a falling rupee, borrowing costs will also likely be higher whether it is in domestic or foreign currency. Unit sales:  Most Indian automakers rely heavily on petrol driven vehicles. This is particularly true of two-wheeler makers, whose entire portfolio is based on petrol engines.The new price hike could deter buyers from opting for petrol cars and two-wheelers. This will directly impact revenues and profits for automakers that have a petrol-heavy portfolio. Segment growth:  The petrol segment has already retreated by 14 per cent in fiscal 2012, while diesel car sales have grown 37 per cent. With the petrol price hike, the growth in the diesel segment is only expected to grow. Even a hike in diesel prices, which some experts are saying is likely as early as Friday, will still keep diesel cheaper than petrol.Too steep a hike in diesel will push up inflation, which the government is keen to avoid. Small car demand:  This is the only bright spot for automakers. In a situation where petrol prices are in the vicinity of Rs 80, demand for small cars will likely increase, since fuel typically accounts for about 50 per cent of running costs. Apart from space and environmental concerns, especially in urban centres, small cars are highly fuel efficient, which appeals to the highly value-   and budge-conscious Indian buyer.Small cars with diesel engines will be in even higher demand. They continue to be a worried bunch and their fears are not unfounded, for petrol getting out of reach for many people means there will be more diesel vehicles on the road in the years to come. This will have an adverse impact on the environment as diesel engine emissions are over three times more toxic than petrol. This has been collated by Centre for Science and Environment's analysis of the 2010-11 car sales data, which revealed that the demand for diesel-run SUVs has gone up.Also, 85% of petrol cars sold during the period had engine sizes smaller than 1200 cc. â€Å"We are extremely concerned about the huge petrol price hike. While fuel price reforms can help, in this case there is partial reform which is dangerous. There is already a dieselization of the car segment. â€Å"WHO and many other public health organizations have already that diesel emissions are carcinogenic. There is a really high public health risk,† said executive director, research and policy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. People are buying big diesel cars, of engine size above 1500cc. They are not feeling the pinch because diesel is cheap. The subsidy on diesel is absolutely unacceptable,† she added. As of now 13 cities in the country comply w ith Bharat stage IV norms and  the rest  follow Bharat stage III norms. â€Å"The pollutants that are of major concern are particulate matter and nitrous oxide (NO2). Diesel cars are legally allowed to emit these pollutants more than petrol. In fact the legal limit NO2 for diesel cars is three times higher than for petrol cars,† explained Anumita.But the fact that diesel is more fuel efficient and gives better mileage masks the down side of increase in diesel cars. Professor L M Das of the Centre for Energy Studies, IIT Delhi says â€Å"Diesel contains more energy than petrol and the vehicle's engine combustion process is more efficient, adding up to higher fuel efficiency and lower  CO2 emissions  when using diesel. But the pollutants emitted from diesel and petrol are characteristically different. While petrol emits more carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons, diesel emits more smoke and particulate matter that have worse health impacts. Diesel is also more fuel eff icient giving out a mileage that is nearly 50% more than petrol. Dealers also agree that the demand for diesel cars has soared. â€Å"The demand for diesel cars in every segment has gone up. While demand for diesel cars has gone up by 15%, petrol car demand has dropped by 20%. Even people who are buying cars worth Rs 50 to Rs 60 lakh are opting for diesel cars. â€Å"Todsay we got many calls enquiring about diesel cars. Only people who want to buy small cars are opting for petrol cars,† said Ravinder, owner of Motosyics in Karol Bagh.Another car dealer, Sanjeev Nath Bhel owner of Rajnath automobiles in Vasant Kunj said that he has started getting calls almost every second enquiring about models of diesel cars. â€Å"There is a huge surge in the demand for diesel cars. It's also because diesel gives better mileage. People are mostly opting for middle segment diesel cars ,† he said. The negative sentiment is echoed by auto industry officials who feel the rollback notwit hstanding the current high petrol prices will have a serious impact on the auto industry and petrol car sales. Around 75 per cent of  Maruti Suzuki  sales come from petrol cars,† said Mayank Pareek, Head-Marketing, Maruti Suzuki. â€Å"Last year, due to petrol price increase, there was a drop of 15 per cent in the sale of our petrol cars. At the same time, diesel sales for the industry are growing. While diesel capacity is being over utilised, petrol car capacity remains under utilised,† he added. While companies like  Hyundai and Tata are offering discounts and special schemes  on its petrol models to stimulate demand, Maruti plans to make up for the decline in petrol car sales by increasing its diesel volumes. Last year, we sold around 2. 43 lakh units of diesel cars. This year will sell 4 lakh diesel cars, said Pareek. However, even that plan stands in jeopardy with the Finance ministry mulling an increase in the excise duty on diesel vehicles. According to f igures compiled by the government, passenger cars and SUVs account for 15 per cent of diesel consumption – a claim that has been rejected by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM). The industry body says that personal cars make up for only 1 per cent of the total diesel consumption in the country while SUVs and taxis account for 5 per cent.Currently, diesel cars attract excise duty ranging from 12 per cent to 27 per cent based on their size and engine capacity. With diesel cars already commanding a higher price than petrol models (which in turn amounts to higher revenues for the state), a hike in duty will only end up reducing demand for passengers cars overall. Read more:  Duty on diesel cars may go up The negative sentiment is echoed by auto industry officials who feel the rollback notwithstanding the current high petrol prices will have a serious impact on the auto industry and petrol car sales. Around 75 per cent of  Maruti Suzuki  sales come from petrol cars,† said Mayank Pareek, Head-Marketing, Maruti Suzuki. â€Å"Last year, due to petrol price increase, there was a drop of 15 per cent in the sale of our petrol cars. At the same time, diesel sales for the industry are growing. While diesel capacity is being over utilised, petrol car capacity remains under utilised,† he added. While companies like  Hyundai and Tata are offering discounts and special schemes  on its petrol models to stimulate demand, Maruti plans to make up for the decline in petrol car sales by increasing its diesel volumes. Last year, we sold around 2. 43 lakh units of diesel cars. This year will sell 4 lakh diesel cars, said Pareek. However, even that plan stands in jeopardy with the Finance ministry mulling an increase in the excise duty on diesel vehicles. According to figures compiled by the government, passenger cars and SUVs account for 15 per cent of diesel consumption – a claim that has been rejected by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM). The industry body says that personal cars make up for only 1 per cent of the total diesel consumption in the country hile SUVs and taxis account for 5 per cent. Currently, diesel cars attract excise duty ranging from 12 per cent to 27 per cent based on their size and engine capacity. With diesel cars already commanding a higher price than petrol models (which in turn amounts to higher revenues for the state), a hike in duty will only end up reducing demand for passengers cars overall. Read more:  Duty on diesel cars may go up In the short-term, sales will be further impacted while in the long term a negative consumer sentiment will be created which can hurt the growth of the industry, he added.Expressing similar sentiments, General Motors India Vice President P Balendran said: â€Å"Earlier, the industry was expecting a growth of 8-10 per cent this fiscal but I will not be surprised if we are in the negative territory due to fuel price hike and high interes t rates as the market continues to be sluggish. † This will result in inventory pile up of  petrol  vehicles as more and more consumers will opt for diesel vehicles, he added.Describing the latest price hike as a â€Å"disaster†,  Maruti Suzuki  India Managing Executive Officer, Marketing and Sales Mayank Pareek said: â€Å"This will further increase the skew between petrol and diesel vehicle demand, which is already very wide. This will severely affect the sales of entry level cars, which are mainly petrol driven. † Last year, the petrol segment declined by 16. 2 per cent as the demand shifted to diesel vehicles. Now there will be more demand for diesel cars after the price hike but most of the manufacturers are running on full capacity for diesel vehicles, he added.Pareek said the overall impact of the price hike would further dent growth of the automobile industry. Hyundai Motor  India Ltd Director Marketing and Sales Arvind Saxena said: â€Å"Deman d is already under pressure on account of inflation and high interest rates. A hike of such magnitude is neither good for the customer nor for industry. † Passenger car sales in India witnessed the slowest growth during April in 10 years at 3. 4 per cent as customer sentiment remained low due to post-Budget price hikes and high interest rates, affecting the entry-level segment most.As per  SIAM  figures, domestic passenger car sales stood at 1, 68,351 units in April 2012 compared to 1,62,813 units in the same month last year. In the fiscal 2011-12, car sales in India grew by just 2. 19 per cent which was the slowest since 2008-09. â€Å"The company has already asked the R& D department to speed up the work, and if required, it may also go for a third party arrangement,† the source said. In the last one year, the price of petrol has gone up considerably fuelling the demand for diesel cars, which account for more than 60 per cent sales at present.Honda has no diesel v ariant in its stable, which is becoming a big disadvantage for the company. Honda Brio will become the first car to have the diesel engine followed by City and Jazz. â€Å"With the  huge surge in the price of petrol, there is a massive demand for the diesel model. We are already giving discount on our cars but it is not possible beyond a point,† a marketing official from Honda said. Honda is not the only company to advance launch of diesel cars . Renault has also advanced the unveiling of its diesel model. Even Volkswagen is looking for models that run on other fuels like CNG.Others are trying to sweeten the deal with various discounts and offers. Sale of diesel vehicles in the country jumped by 35 per cent last fiscal while that of petrol variants dropped by 15 per cent. The sale of petrol cars will see further decline with the latest hike of ` 7. 50 per litre. A day after the increase, Hyundai announced a â€Å"petrol price lock assurance programme† that will insul ate its customers from the new fuel price rise for the next seven months. The programme covers people who will buy petrol models of Eon, Santro, i10, i20, Accent and Verna till May 31. The hike of this magnitude is neither good for the industry nor customers,† Arvind Saxena, director, marketing and sales, Hyundai Motor India, said. Other automobile manufacturers have already started giving discounts and freebies on petrol models and could introduce more such offers following the hike of petrol . According to automobile body Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), there is a need for the government to reconsider its proposal for such a steep increase in the price of petrol. There is a need to seriously consider the option of a moderate increase in the price of diesel before it impacts the growth of the industry,† SIAM said. In a statement, Siam said that there is a requirement to look at the petroleum product pricing policy in a comprehensive manner and remove distortions so that downstream products market do not get disturbed. â€Å"The need of the hour is to bite the bullet by reducing the price hike on petrol and revising the price of diesel, which will bring in more revenue for the government as well as some level of parity between the two competing fuels for the industry,† SIAM said.However, manufacturers lament that they are not in a position to absorb the currency changes and mounting import bill, and have no other option but to pass on the impact to the customers. While  Toyota Kirloskar Motors  and  General Motors India  are expected to announce price hikes soon, others such as Maruti  SuzukiIndia and  Hyundai Motor  are likely to follow suit. â€Å"We have been facing cost pressures over the last few months and have decided to hike the prices. The quantum is yet to be finalised, but the hike should come into effect from June,† said Toyota Kirloskar Motors deputy MD (marketing) Sandeep Singh.General Mo tors has decided to increase prices from June 1, but is temporarily revisiting decision in the light of massive increase in petrol prices. â€Å"We are re-considering plans to increase prices from June as customers are hit by the massive increase in the prices of petrol. We do not want to create a double whammy for customers and are planning to postpone the hike till the conditions improve in the domestic market,† says General Motors vice-president (corporate affairs) P Balendran. Car companies had increased prices by up to 1. 5% to 3 in January this year, but the real impact came after 2%-5% increase in excise in the Union Budget. While most cars, including small hatchbacks, became expensive by Rs 6,000, the hike was up to Rs 5 lakh for top-end luxury segment. This resulted in overall sales falling to 168,351 units in April. Carmakers remain skeptical on market prospects with customers postponing new purchases. Country's largest carmaker, Maruti Suzuki, is too weighing its o ptions. â€Å"There are intense cost pressures with regard to import of important commodities like steel due to currency and other reasons,† said a senior Maruti executive.An analyst tracking the sector says another hike will badly hit the auto market, which is already crawling. â€Å"The market is already reeling under the price of petrol price hike, which has further dampened the sentiment after the Budget hike. Now another hike will hit the industry hard,† said a Mumbai-based analyst with a Brokerage firm. High petrol prices and weak consumer sentiment in the face of slowing economic growth dragged auto sales down in May. Car market leader Maruti Suzuki India Ltd led the decline with a 4. 3% drop in domestic sales to 89,478 units from a year earlier.Sales of Maruti’s petrol models such as WagonR, Alto and the 800, which make up a third of overall sales at the Indian subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corp. , shrank by 29%. India’s economy grew 5. 3% in January -March, the slowest pace in nine years, data released on Thursday showed. Slowing growth has dampened consumer sentiment; high petrol prices and interest rates have deterred car buyers, who are increasingly preferring diesel models. Analysts say car sales will take a further hit in the months ahead after oil marketing companies increased the price of petrol by as much as  Rs. 7. 50 per litre on 23 May.The steep increase in fuel cost, combined with a recent increase in vehicle prices (due to rising input costs and an excise duty increase), has resulted in a 6% increase in the total cost of ownership of petrol cars over the past four-to-five months, wrote Joseph George, an analyst at IIFL Institutional Equities. â€Å"We cut our volume growth estimate for the car industry (excluding utility vehicles) from 16% to 12%. We also expect demand to further shift from petrol to diesel vehicles. † Sales at Hyundai Motor India Ltd, the second largest car maker by unit sales, rose 3% to 32,010 units in May compared with a year ago.Arvind Saxena, director of marketing and sales at Hyundai Motor India, said: â€Å"The recent hike in petrol prices has depressed market sentiment, with the macroeconomic indicators providing no cause for cheer. The demand outlook doesn’t look very bright. † Meanwhile, driven by sales of the Nano small car, passenger vehicle sales at Tata Motors Ltd rose 6% to 20,503 units compared to May 2011. The fuel efficient car billed as the world’s cheapest, contributed 41% of Tata Motors’ total sales in May. Nano sales rose 31% to 8,507 units.Utility vehicle market leader Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd kept up its strong sales momentum, posting an increase of 27% to 21,154 units in the month from a year ago. The company’s portfolio of models is predominantly diesel-fuelled, shielding it from the effect of the hike in petrol prices. Sales at General Motors India Pvt. Ltd and Ford India Pvt. Ltd dropped 27% and 14%, re spectively, to 6,079 and 6,036 units. At Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd, sales doubled to 15,051 units, buoyed by the company’s Innova and Fortuner models and partly because of a relatively low base last year. To stave off the impact of the weakening rupee, Toyota has undertaken a 1% increase in the prices of Etios diesel and Innova and a 0. 5% increase in Fortuner and Etios Liva, diesel, with effect from 1 June. † said Sandeep Singh, deputy managing director-marketing. Albeit on a low base, sales at Nissan Motor India Pvt. Ltd, too, increased 98% to 3,138 units in May. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the sluggish sales in the overall two-wheeler market, Hero MotoCorp Ltd continued its strong sales trajectory, despatching 556,644 motorcycles and scooters—an expansion of 11. 3% over the corresponding month last year. TVS Motor Co. eported a decline of 4. 3% to 176,012 units while Suzuki Motorcycle India Pvt. Ltd, on a small base of 36,746 units, saw an increase of 21% compared to a year ago. Bajaj Auto Ltd will report its sales figures next week. The 10-company auto index on  BSE Ltd  has dropped 18. 46% in the last one month, compared to a 7. 82% drop in the benchmark Sensex. Car firms are looking at raising the  prices of their diesel variantsas rupee depreciation has led to a hike in imported input costs and they have to make up for the discounts being offered on their petrol variants, which are not selling due to high fuels costs.While Toyota has announced that it will  hike the prices of its diesel models  from one to two per cent from June 1, other companies are expected to follow suit. This will be the third price hike since January this year. Diesel cars to drive industry growth: Ford â€Å"There is tremendous pressure on auto companies and a price hike is certain. The one-two per cent hike will be effective from June. However, we have not decided the exact amount by which prices will be raised across models,† Sandeep Si ngh, deputy managing director (marketing), Toyota Kirloskar Motors, said. There are rising input costs and then the depreciating rupee also adds to import bills for parts being sourced from abroad. Auto firms can't absorb cost beyond a point,† Singh explained. However, Singh has hinted that the hike will be more on the diesel variants than the petrol models. Prices of petrol models which are still selling well may also be increased. Others such as General Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motors had also hinted at hike in car prices from June onwards.Most car companies are loading their petrol variants with freebies and offering discounts ranging from Rs 3,000-Rs 50,000 depending on the demand for the model. Earlier in January, car manufacturers increased prices to the tune of 1. 5 to three per cent. It was followed by a second hike of two to five per cent to compensate for the excise duty hike proposed in the Budget. However car dealers are worried. â€Å"Another round of price hike is not going to help the sector in any way. Petrol car sales are at an all-time low and only diesel models are bringing in revenue.Any further price hike will dent the prospect of sale of diesel vehicles as well,† a General Motors showroom owner in south Delhi said. Even experts say that a price hike will further dampen the sentiment and sales prospects of the auto companies. â€Å"The significant hike in petrol price has already dampened the sentiment and increasing prices of vehicles will hit demand,† said Yaresh Kothari, auto analyst, Angel Broking. The hike in petrol rate and the proposed increase in diesel vehicles will make it difficult for the industry to achieve their sales growth target of 10-12